This guide highlights the key performance indicators for the airline industry and where investors should look to find an investment edge. While this guide is not a full airline industry primer, as the market leader in granular consensus estimates data, Visible Alpha works with partners and clients to determine the key airline metrics that will aid market participants in identifying airline trends and future performance of airline companies – including Southwest Airlines, Air Canada, Cathay Pacific and more – by region, sub-industry and carrier type.
Airline KPIs
This guide highlights the key performance indicators for the airline industry and where investors should look to find an investment edge. While this guide is not a full airline industry primer, as the market leader in granular consensus estimates data, Visible Alpha works with partners and clients to determine the key airline metrics that will aid market participants in identifying airline trends and future performance of airline companies – including Southwest Airlines, Air Canada, Cathay Pacific and more – by region, sub-industry and carrier type.
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Industry Overview
The airline industry is made up of companies whose primary business activities are focused on air transportation for passengers and cargo and includes major network carriers, regional carriers and low-cost carriers. This information is available as a downloadable eBook >
Airline Business Model
Capacity metrics like available seats miles (ASM) are often analyzed in order to get a sense of seat supply and its implications on pricing. Capacity is multiplied by a utilization metric (load factor) to arrive at revenue passenger miles (RPM), a metric for the number of passenger miles that generate revenue. RPM is multiplied by a yield metric (passenger yield) to arrive at total revenue for passengers. A similar calculation is often done for the cargo revenue as well. The addition of both passenger and cargo revenue leads to total revenue.
A number of expenses are subtracted from the revenue. Labor, fuel, airport landing fees and maintenance costs are all important expenses for an airline. CASM-Ex captures all costs excluding fuel on a per available seat mile basis.
For profitability, EBIT, EBITDA and EBITDAR are all a focus. EBITDA is looked at due to the industry’s high depreciation and amortization costs, while EBITDAR is also analyzed to normalize for each company’s different accounting treatments of their rent expenses.
Airlines are generally modeled on a per available seat mile (ASM) or kilometer (ASK) basis in order to analyze the unit economics of each business. Revenue is often looked at on a revenue per available seat mile basis (RASM) or passenger revenue per available seat mile (PRASM) basis.
Key Airline Metrics
Key performance indicators (KPIs) are the most important business metrics for a particular industry. When understanding market expectations for airlines, whether at a company or industry level, here are some of the airline KPIs to consider:
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Available seat miles (ASM)
Available seat miles is a measure of airline capacity and is calculated by taking the number of seats available and multiplying by the distance flown.
Revenue passenger miles (RPM)
Revenue passenger miles is a measure of volume and is calculated by taking the number of passengers and multiplying by miles of flight.
Passenger Load Factor
Passenger load factor is a measure of utilization, passenger load factor is the number of Revenue Passenger Miles (or Kilometers) expressed as a percentage of ASMs (or ASKs).
Revenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM)
Revenue per available seat mile is calculated by dividing the airline’s total revenue by its total available seat miles.
Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM)
Passenger revenue per available seat measured is calculated by dividing passenger revenue by available seat miles. PRASM is also equivalent to the product of load factor and passenger yield.
Cost per Available Seat Mile (CASM)
Cost per available seat mile is a measure of efficiency and is calculated by taking operating expenses and dividing by ASM.
CASM-Ex Fuel (CASM-Ex)
CASM-Ex Fuel is calculated by taking operating expenses, dividing by ASM and then subtracting the cost of fuel.
Visible Alpha’s Standardized Industry Metrics
To understand market expectations for the airline industry, a key information source is sell-side analyst estimate and consensus forecast data. The buy side, sell side and public companies leverage this type of data to conduct competitive analysis, a type of analysis conducted by professional analysts that involves comparing standardized metrics of one company with those of similar companies. Because companies report metrics differently – and sometimes report on different metrics altogether – standardizing the key metrics for each company can be a cumbersome process.
Visible Alpha Insights includes analyst data, company data and industry data at level of granularity unparalleled in the market. Our industry data – Standardized Industry Metrics – enables market participants to quantify and compare market expectations for companies across 184 industries.
Data as of January 2023
Our Airlines Industry Data Set Includes:
48
Global Tickers
575
Current Analyst Excel Models
212
Proprietary line items in our standardized operating metrics data
69
Contributing Brokers
430
Total standardized line items
218
Proprietary line items in our standardized financials data
Available Comp Tables – Consensus Estimates
Visible Alpha offers 18 airline comp tables, comparing forecasts for key financial and operating metrics, to make it easy to quickly conduct relative analysis, whether you are interested in looking at key values for Southwest Airlines competitors or global airline passenger yield. Every pre-built, customizable comp tables is based on region, sub-industry or key operating metrics. All comp tables are fully customizable.
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Financial and Operating KPIs Available for 38 Airlines Including:
North America
- American Airlines (AAL)
- Delta Air Lines (DAL)
- JetBlue Airways (JBLU)
- Southwest Airlines (LUV)
- United Airlines (UAL)
LATAM
- Azul (AZUL)
- Copa (CPA)
- Gol Linhas Aereas Inteligentes (GOL)
- LATAM Airlines (LTM)
- Volaris (VLRS)
EMEA
- International Airlines Group (IAG)
- Air France–KLM (AFLYY)
- Lufthansa (DLAKY)
- Aeroflot (AFLT)
- Ryanair (RYAAY)
APAC
- Air China (AICAF)
- China Eastern Airlines (CEA)
- China Southern Airlines (ZNH)
- Japan Airlines (JAPSY)
- Singapore Airlines (SINGF)
Request a Full List
Airline Industry KPI Terms & Definitions
Visible Alpha offers an innovative, integrated experience through real-time, granular consensus estimates and historical data created directly from the world’s leading equity analysts. Using a subset of the below KPIs, this data can help investors hone in on the key drivers of companies to uncover investment opportunities. Learn More >
Available Seat Miles (ASM)
Available seat miles is a measure of airline capacity and is calculated by taking the number of seats available and multiplying by the distance flown.
Available Seat Kilometers (ASK)
Available seat kilometers is a measure of airline capacity and is calculated by taking the number of seats available and multiplying by the distance flown.
Cost per Available Seat Mile (CASM)
Cost per available seat mile is a measure of efficiency and is calculated by taking operating expenses and dividing by ASM.
Cost per Available Seat Kilometer (CASK)
Cost per available seat kilometer is a measure of efficiency and is calculated by taking operating expenses and dividing by ASK.
Revenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM)
Revenue per available seat mile is calculated by dividing the airline’s total revenue by its total available seat miles.
Revenue per Available Seat Kilometer (RASK)
Revenue per available seat kilometer is calculated by dividing the airline’s total revenue by its total available seat kilometers.
Passenger Load Factor
Passeneger load factor is a measure of utilization, passenger load factor is the number of Revenue Passenger Miles (or Kilometers) expressed as a percentage of ASMs (or ASKs).
Airport Charges
Airport charges are expenses paid by airlines for the use of airport facilities, including aircraft landing, freight and other charges related to the use of airport infrastructure such as runways and terminals.
Passenger Yield (in miles)
Passenger yield is a measure of average fare paid per mile, per passenger, calculated by dividing passenger revenue by revenue passenger miles (RPMs).
Passenger Yield (in kilometers)
Passenger yield is a measure of average fare paid per mile, per passenger, calculated by dividing passenger revenue by revenue passenger kilometers (RPKs).
Total Revenue per Available Seat Mile (TRASM)
Total revenue per available seat mile is calculated by dividing total revenue by available seat miles.
Total Revenue per Available Seat Kilometer (TRASK)
Total revenue per available seat kilometer is calculated by dividing total revenue by available seat kilometers.
Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM)
Passenger revenue per available seat measured is calculated by dividing passenger revenue by available seat miles. PRASM is also equivalent to the product of load factor and passenger yield.
Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Kilometer (PRASK)
Passenger revenue available per seat kilometer is calculated by dividing passenger revenue by available seat kilometers. PRASK is also equivalent to the product of load factor and passenger yield.
Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)
Revenue passenger miles is a measure of volume and is calculated by taking the number of passengers and multiplying by miles of flight.
Revenue Passenger Kilometers (RPK)
Revenue passenger kilometers is a measure of volume and is calculated by taking the number of passengers and multiplying by kilometers of flight.
CASM-Ex Fuel (CASM-Ex)
CASM-Ex Fuel is calculated by taking operating expenses, dividing by ASM and then subtracting the cost of fuel.
CASK-Ex Fuel (CASK-Ex)
CASK-Ex Fuel is calculated by taking operating expenses, dividing by ASK and then subtracting the cost of fuel.
EBITDAR
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and restructuring or renting costs.
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Guide to Airline KPIs for Investment Professionals
This guide highlights the key performance indicators for the airline industry and where investors should look to find an investment edge, including:
- Airline Industry Business Model & Diagram
- Key Airline Metrics PLUS Visible Alpha’s Standardized Industry Metrics
- Available Comp Tables
- Industry KPI Terms & Definitions
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As an industry expert with a deep understanding of the airline industry, it's evident that the provided article focuses on key performance indicators (KPIs) for investors seeking insights into the financial health and future prospects of airline companies. The guide emphasizes the importance of Visible Alpha, a market leader in granular consensus estimates data, which collaborates with partners and clients to identify crucial airline metrics for market participants.
Let's delve into the concepts used in the article:
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Airline Business Model:
- The industry comprises companies primarily engaged in air transportation for passengers and cargo, including major network carriers, regional carriers, and low-cost carriers.
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Capacity Metrics:
- Available Seat Miles (ASM): Measures airline capacity by multiplying the number of available seats by the distance flown.
- Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM): Measures volume by multiplying the number of passengers by miles of flight.
- Passenger Load Factor: Measures utilization, expressing RPM as a percentage of ASMs.
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Revenue Metrics:
- Revenue per Available Seat Mile (RASM): Total revenue divided by total available seat miles.
- Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM): Passenger revenue divided by available seat miles.
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Cost Metrics:
- Cost per Available Seat Mile (CASM): Measures efficiency by dividing operating expenses by ASM.
- CASM-Ex Fuel: CASM excluding fuel costs.
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Profitability Metrics:
- EBIT, EBITDA, EBITDAR: Focus on profitability, with EBITDA and EBITDAR used to normalize for different accounting treatments of rent expenses.
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Geographical Segmentation:
- Airlines are analyzed regionally, with a breakdown for North America, EMEA, and APAC, including major carriers in each region.
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Visible Alpha's Standardized Industry Metrics:
- Provides real-time, granular consensus estimates and historical data for in-depth analysis.
- Standardizes key metrics for each company to facilitate comparative analysis.
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KPIs for Investors:
- ASM, RPM, Load Factor, RASM, PRASM, CASM, CASM-Ex: Highlighted as key performance indicators for investors to consider.
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Additional Metrics:
- Available Seat Kilometers (ASK), Cost per Available Seat Kilometer (CASK): Similar to ASM and CASM but measured in kilometers.
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Financial and Operating KPIs:
- A list of airlines in North America, EMEA, and APAC with available data for comprehensive analysis.
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Industry Data Set by Visible Alpha:
- 48 global tickers, 575 current analyst Excel models, and 212 proprietary line items in standardized operating metrics data.
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Comp Tables:
- 18 airline comp tables for key financial and operating metrics, customizable based on region, sub-industry, or key operating metrics.
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Industry Terms & Definitions:
- Provides detailed explanations of terms such as ASM, ASK, CASM, CASK, RASM, PRASM, Load Factor, and more.
In conclusion, this article serves as a valuable guide for investors, offering insights into the key metrics and industry dynamics essential for making informed decisions in the airline sector. The emphasis on Visible Alpha's data further underscores the importance of reliable and standardized information in the complex landscape of airline investments.
